A research team affiliated with UNIST has achieved a major breakthrough in the development of cost-effective, large-scale energy storage systems (ESS)—specifically, iron–chromium redox flow batteries (ICRFBs). However, the existing types of flexible energy storage devices encounter challenges in. Our interdisciplinary team develops new methods for modelling battery costs, scaling battery production and systematically analysing trends in basic research and industrial development of new battery technologies. Known for their safety, affordability, and suitability for grid-level applications, these.